MANI'S MICROBIOLOGY

•        Active immunization – when an immune response is stimulated because of challenge with an immunogen, such as exposure to an infectious agent. •        Ex: Vaccines, antigens, pathogenic microorganism •        Passive Immunization – injection of purified antibody or antibody-containing serum to provide rapid, temporary protection or treatment of a person is termed passive immunization. •        Mother to baby through feeding, Ab injection Types of Vaccines: a.     Inactivated vaccines b.     Live-attenuated vaccines c.     Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines d.     Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines e.     Toxoid vaccines f.      Viral vector vaccines a. Inactivated vaccines – killed particles §   Ex: Hepatitis A, F...

  1. Acyclovir: ·       Treats Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infections, such as cold sores and genital herpes, as well as Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), which causes chickenpox and shingles. ·       Mechanism: Inhibits viral DNA replication by incorporating into the viral DNA chain, leading to premature chain termination. 2. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu): ·       Treats and prevents influenza A and B. ·       Mechanism: Inhibits the neuraminidase enzyme on the surface of the influenza virus, preventing the release of new viral particles from infected cells. 3. Zidovudine (AZT): ·       Treats Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. ·       Mechanism: Inhibits reverse transcriptase, an enzyme critical for the replication of HIV, thereby reducing the viral load in the body. 4. Sofosbuvir: ·     ...

          As viruses are intracellular obligatory parasites, they always need living cells for their growth. They cannot be grown on any artificial media. There are three methods employed for the cultivation of animal viruses                         1. Animal inoculation                         2. Embryonated eggs or chick embryo method.                         3. Tissue culture or cell culture. 1. Animal Inoculation – Susceptible experimental animals like Mice, Monkey, Rabbits, Guinea Pigs etc. are used for the cultivation of viruses. Ø   Mice with less than 48 hours old are most commonly used. Ø    or intr...