Herpesviridae (Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2)

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Herpes Simplex viruses 1 and 2

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  HUMAN HERPESVIRUSES Ø   Infect only humans. Ø   Herpesviridae family contains enveloped , double-stranded DNA viruses with large complex genomes. Ø   They replicate in the nucleus of a wide range of vertebrate hosts. ·        Of the more than 100 known herpesviruses, 8 routinely I.          STRUCTURE OF HERPESVIRUSES Ø   The herpes viruses are large, enveloped viruses that contain double-stranded DNA. Ø   The virion is 150 nm in diameter. Ø   The DNA core is surrounded by an icosadeltahedral capsid containing 162 capsomeres. Ø   This capsid is enclosed by a glycoprotein-containing envelope. Ø   Encode several glycoproteins for viral attachment, fusion, and for escaping immune control. Ø   As enveloped viruses, the herpesviruses are sensitive to acid, solvents, detergents, and drying. II. ...
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Industrial Microbiology - Strain Improvement strategies

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  STRAIN DEVELOPMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY “Strain improvement is defined as improving the production and yielding capacity of a microorganism through the microbiological, biotechnological, or biochemical process” . Need for strain improvement: Microbes (fungi, bacteria, actinomyces) that live freely in soil or water and produce novel compounds of commercial interest, when isolated from their natural surroundings, are not ideal for industrial use. Wild strains need to make the product of commercial interest at higher yields to be economically viable. Microbial strain improvement requires alteration and reprogramming of the DNA (or the genes) in a desired fashion to shift or bypass the regulatory controls and checkpoints. Features of Improved strains 1. Ability to utilize inexpensive and complex raw materials efficiently. 2. Elimination of the production of compounds that may interfere with downstream processing 3. Increased productivity 4. Provide cellular morphology suitabl...
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CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUS

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            Viruses classified based on various factors viz., Host, disease in human, target tissues, mode of transmission, vector, Structure and Nucleic acids. • Viral genome’s nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), strandedness (single-stranded or double-stranded), Sense, and method of replication determine its class. • Other classifications are determined by the disease caused by the virus or its morphology. • Viruses can be placed in one of the seven groups. Classification Based on Structure of Virus • Structurally Virus are  1. Helical Symmetry: ▶ The protein and nucleic acid are arranged in a spiral. ▶ Examples: Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), Rabies, Influenza. ▶ Most helical viruses are enveloped and RNA viruses. 2. Icosahedral Symmetry: ▶ The protein subunits form a symmetrical shell around the nucleic acid core. ▶ An icosahedron has 12 vertices, 20 faces, and 30 edges. ▶ Examples: Poliovirus, Adenovirus, Hepatitis virus. ▶ Icosahedral capsids are stable...
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