pH Meter - working Principle, Procedure and applications

-

 


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Terminologies in microscopy

-
Image
  TERMINOLOGIES IN MICROSCOPY 1.       Reflection: when a beam of light strikes the smooth surface of a non-transparent material (e.g., the Polished surface of a mirror), it is bounced back, i.e., reflected. The return of light or sound waves from a surface.   2.      Refraction: when a beam of light strikes a smooth interface separating two transparent media (e.g. air and glass; air and water; glass and water), it is partly reflected and partly transmitted, i.e., refracted, into the second medium.                      Reflection and refraction of light would help us in understanding the principles of microscopy. 3.       Lens:             A lens is an optical system with two refracting surfaces. There are two categories of lenses Ø             Convergin...
Read more

Herpes Simplex viruses 1 and 2

-
Image
  HUMAN HERPESVIRUSES Ø   Infect only humans. Ø   Herpesviridae family contains enveloped , double-stranded DNA viruses with large complex genomes. Ø   They replicate in the nucleus of a wide range of vertebrate hosts. ·        Of the more than 100 known herpesviruses, 8 routinely I.          STRUCTURE OF HERPESVIRUSES Ø   The herpes viruses are large, enveloped viruses that contain double-stranded DNA. Ø   The virion is 150 nm in diameter. Ø   The DNA core is surrounded by an icosadeltahedral capsid containing 162 capsomeres. Ø   This capsid is enclosed by a glycoprotein-containing envelope. Ø   Encode several glycoproteins for viral attachment, fusion, and for escaping immune control. Ø   As enveloped viruses, the herpesviruses are sensitive to acid, solvents, detergents, and drying. II. ...
Read more

Industrial Microbiology - Strain Improvement strategies

-
Image
  STRAIN DEVELOPMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY “Strain improvement is defined as improving the production and yielding capacity of a microorganism through the microbiological, biotechnological, or biochemical process” . Need for strain improvement: Microbes (fungi, bacteria, actinomyces) that live freely in soil or water and produce novel compounds of commercial interest, when isolated from their natural surroundings, are not ideal for industrial use. Wild strains need to make the product of commercial interest at higher yields to be economically viable. Microbial strain improvement requires alteration and reprogramming of the DNA (or the genes) in a desired fashion to shift or bypass the regulatory controls and checkpoints. Features of Improved strains 1. Ability to utilize inexpensive and complex raw materials efficiently. 2. Elimination of the production of compounds that may interfere with downstream processing 3. Increased productivity 4. Provide cellular morphology suitabl...
Read more